Markov’s inequality provides a bound on the upper-tail probability of non-negative random variables. The bound is expressed with the expectation of the random variable. [Markov’s Inequality] Let \(X\) be a non-negative random variable. Then, for any \(\lambda > 0\), \[ …
How can we rearrange an array of items in random order? A simple way is to manipulate the array by picking elements randomly. Or we can use Java Collections API. Shuffle an Array Write a loop to go through each …
A collection of random variables is pairwise independent if every pair of variables are independent. Given \(k\) independent bits, we define \(n = 2^k-1\) random variables each of which is a parity of a non-empty subset of the \(k\) bits. …
Google Maps API provides geocoding services to convert addresses (“Singapore 208539”) into geographic coordinates (1.311403, 103.85662). There are two approaches: Client-side geocoding, which uses JavaScript API to send requests and receive responses. HTTP server-side geocoding, which uses HTTP requests to …