There are two meanings of “class”. A class could be: a code library (a collection of methods). For example, java.lang.Math contains methods for performing basic numeric operations. an object data type (a description of a concept). For example, java.lang.String represents …
The Chernoff bound gives the concentration of sums of independent random variables. The concentration result can be generalized to martingales. Martingales and Azuma’s Inequality A sequence of random variables \(X_0, X_1, \ldots, X_n\) is called a martingale if \[ {\bf …
An I/O Stream represents an input source or an output destination. A stream can represent many different kinds of sources and destinations, including disk files, devices, other programs, and memory arrays. A file is identified by its path through the …
A software bug is a mistake in a program. Debugging is to find and correct the mistakes (introduced by yourself). Programmers usually spend 20% of time for coding, and 80% of time for debugging. In 1996, the European Space Agency’s …